sdn

rol, and flexibility. By abstracting the control functions from hardware, SDN enables networks to become more responsive, manageable, and adaptable to the demands of modern digital ecosystems. While challenge

function virtualization (NFV), and artificial intelligence-driven network management will intertwine with MPLS and SDN, offering even greater control and efficiency. Segment routing, for example, simplifies MPLS by encoding paths directly into packet headers without requiring complex signal